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Owing to the global spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), education has shifted to distance online learning, whereas some face-to-face courses have been resumed with the improvement of the outbreak prevention and management situation, including a laboratory course for senior undergraduate students in chemical biology. Here, we present an innovative chemical biology experiment covering COVID-19 topics, which was created for third-year undergraduates. The basic principles of two nucleic-acid- and antigen-based diagnostic techniques for SARS-CoV-2 are demonstrated in detail. These experiments are designed to provide students with comprehensive knowledge of COVID-19 and related diagnoses in daily life. Crucially, the biosafety of this experimental manipulation was ensured by using artificial nucleic acids and recombinant protein. Furthermore, an interactive hybrid online-facing teaching model was designed to cover the key mechanism regarding PCR and serological tests of COVID-19. Finally, a satisfactory evaluation was obtained through a questionnaire, and simultaneously, reasonable improvements to the course design were suggested. The proposed curriculum provides all the necessary information for other instructors to create new courses supported by research. © 2023 American Chemical Society and Division of Chemical Education, Inc.
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Investigating the essential impact of the cryptocurrency market on carbon emissions is significant for the U.S. to realize carbon neutrality. This exploration employs low-frequency vector auto-regression (LF-VAR) and mixed-frequency VAR (MF-VAR) models to capture the complicated interrelationship between cryptocurrency policy uncertainty (CPU) and carbon emission (CE) and to answer the question of whether cryptocurrency policy uncertainty could facilitate U.S. carbon neutrality. By comparison, the MF-VAR model possesses a higher explanatory power than the LF-VAR model;the former's impulse response indicates a negative CPU effect on CE, suggesting that cryptocurrency policy uncertainty is a promoter for the U.S. to realize the goal of carbon neutrality. In turn, CE positively impacts CPU, revealing that mass carbon emissions would raise public and national concerns about the environmental damages caused by cryptocurrency transactions and mining. Furthermore, CPU also has a mediation effect on CE;that is, CPU could affect CE through the oil price (OP). In the context of a more uncertain cryptocurrency market, valuable insights for the U.S. could be offered to realize carbon neutrality by reducing the traditional energy consumption and carbon emissions of cryptocurrency trading and mining.
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The United Nations Secretary-General Mechanism (UNSGM) for investigation of the alleged use of chemical and biological weapons is the only established international mechanism of this type under the UN. The UNGSM may launch an international investigation, relying on a roster of expert consultants, qualified experts, and analytical laboratories nominated by the member states. Under the framework of the UNSGM, we organized an external quality assurance exercise for nominated laboratories, named the Disease X Test, to improve the ability to discover and identify new pathogens that may cause possible epidemics and to determine their animal origin. The "what-if" scenario was to identify the etiological agent responsible for an outbreak that has tested negative for many known pathogens, including viruses and bacteria. Three microbes were added to the samples, Dabie bandavirus, Mammarenavirus, and Gemella spp., of which the last two have not been taxonomically named or published. The animal samples were from Rattus norvegicus, Marmota himalayana, New Zealand white rabbit, and the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Of the 11 international laboratories that participated in this activity, six accurately identified pathogen X as a new Mammarenavirus, and five correctly identified the animal origin as R. norvegicus. These results showed that many laboratories under the UNSGM have the capacity and ability to identify a new virus during a possible international investigation of a suspected biological event. The technical details are discussed in this report.Copyright © 2022
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With the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, combined with the COVID-19 epidemic and the Federal Reserve's interest rate hike, geopolitical risks have increased sharply, which has brought great pressure on the sustainable development of natural resources industry. This study aims to discuss the impact of geopolitical risk (GPR) on corporate excess cash holdings in China's natural resources industry. The findings suggest that GRP can encourage enterprises in the natural resources industry to hold more excess cash. The findings still hold with a suite of robustness tests. The study also evidences that the above effect is more significant for state-owned enterprises, enterprises in the mining industry, and large-scale enterprises. Finally, further results show that with the increase of GPR, enterprises with strong risk-taking capacity tend to hold more excess cash, while enterprises registered in higher market-oriented regions are inclined to retain less excess cash. These findings can conduce to a deep understanding of the influence of GPR on corporate excess cash holdings and serve as a reference for policy-makers to adjust policies. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
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BackgroundThe risk of incident gout in the United Kingdom (UK) appears to have declined since 2013.[1] However, whether this is temporary or likely to continue is unclear.ObjectivesTo examine the influence of age, calendar year, and year of birth on recent gout incidence in the UK.MethodsUsing data from IQVIA Medical Research Database in the UK, we identified incident gout by READ codes from 1999 to 2019. We grouped age, calendar year, and year of birth into 3-year categories. We assessed the effect of age, calendar year, and birth cohort categories on the incidence rate of gout using the age-period-cohort model among all participants and in men and women separately.ResultsOver the 21 years, there were 164,588 incident gout cases. The incidence rate of gout increased with age until age 80, then leveled off (P for trend <0.001) (Figure 1A). The gout incidence increased from 1999 to 2013, then declined (Figure 1B). The incidence rate of gout was higher in the late birth cohorts than in the early birth cohorts from the Year 1999 to the Year 2013 (Figure 1C);however, such a trend was reversed after the Year 2013, with the incidence rate of gout being higher in the early birth cohorts than that in the late birth cohorts (Figure 1D). Similar patterns were observed in men and women.ConclusionUsing the age-period-cohort model, we found that the risk of gout in the UK increased from 1999 to 2013 and then declined afterward. These findings suggest that some environmental factors occurring after 2013 may play role. Such a downward trend of the risk of gout may continue if these environmental factors are still present.Reference[1]Abhishek A, Tata LJ, Mamas M, et al. Has the gout epidemic peaked in the UK? A nationwide cohort study using data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, from 1997 to across the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. Ann Rheum Dis 2022 Jan 27.Figure 1.(A) Age rate ratios and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals of gout incidence. The relative risk of each age category compared with the reference age category (57-59) was adjusted for the calendar year and birth cohort. (B) Calendar year rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals of gout incidence. The relative risk of each calendar year compared with the reference calendar year (2008-2010) was adjusted for age and birth cohort. (C) Cohort rate ratios and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals of gout incidence. The relative risk of each birth cohort (1911-1982) compared with the reference birth cohort (1950-1952) was adjusted for age and calendar year. (D) Cohort rate ratios and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals of gout incidence. The relative risk of each birth cohort (1923-1988) compared with the reference birth cohort (1950-1952) was adjusted for age and calendar year.[Figure omitted. See PDF]AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81930071, 82072502, U21A20352), Project Program of National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (2021LNJJ06, 2022LNJJ07), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2022JJ20100), and the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province (2022RC3075, 2022RC1009).Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.
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Organ transplant recipients are at a high risk of infection with high hospitalization rate, critical rate and fatality, due to low immune function caused by taking immunosuppressants for a period of long time after organ transplantation. Currently, vaccination is recognized as an effective approach to prevent infection. Organ transplant recipients may be vaccinated according to individual conditions. However, the sensitivity to vaccines may decline in organ transplant recipients. The types, methods and timing of vaccination have constantly been the hot spots of clinical trials. In this article, the general principles, specific vaccines and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines of vaccination in organ transplant recipients were briefly reviewed, aiming to provide reference for the vaccination of organ transplant recipients. Moreover, current status of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination for organ transplant recipients was illustrated under the global outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia pandemic.Copyright © 2022 Journal of Zhongshan University. All Rights Reserved.
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[Background] The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first detected in December 2019. To combat the disease, a series of strict measures were adopted across the country, which led of improved air quality. This provides an opportunity to discuss the impact of human activities on air quality. [Objective] This study investigates the air quality changes in Shijiazhuang, and analyzes the impacts of epidemic prevention and control measures on air quality, so as to provide reference and ideas for further improving air quality and prevention and control measures. [Methods] The air quality data were collected online from https://www.zq12369.com/ and https://aqicn.org/city/shijiazhuang/cn/. Comparisons in air quality index (AQI) and the concentrations of air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, CO, NO2, and O3) were made between the period from December 2019 to June 2020 (reference) and the same period from 2016 to 2019 by t-test and chi-square test. [Results] The daily average AQI dropped by 25.38% in Shijiazhuang during the COVID-19 prevention and control compared with the some period from 2016 to 2019 (t=6.28, P < 0.05). The proportions of pollution days during the COVID-19 outbreak in Shijiazhuang were PM2.5 (44.56%), O3 (31.09%), PM10 (23.83%), and NO2 (2.59%) successively, the pollution days of PM10 decreased significantly (chi2=3.86, P < 0.05) compared with 2016-2019, but during traffic lockdown the numbers of pollution days of PM2.5 and in the mid stage of prevention the number of pollution days of O3 increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the control period, the concentrations of the six air pollutants decreased to varying degrees (P < 0.05), especially SO2 dropped by 55.36%. [Conclusion] The measures taken for COVID-19 control and prevention have reduced the pollution sources and emissions, which resulted in better general air quality of Shijiazhuang City, but have aggravated the pollution of O3 and other pollutants. It is necessary to further explore the causes for the aggravation of O3 pollution in order to formulate reasonable air quality control strategies.Copyright © 2021, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention. All rights reserved.
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[Background] Sleep is closely related to immune function and human health, and adequate sleep is an important foundation for human health. [Objective] This study investigates the sleep status of the first-line medical staff in Wuhan in a fight against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, provides reference for improving the sleep quality of the first-line medical staff in public health emergencies. [Methods] Through convenience sampling, 112 medical workers (first-line group) who aided the COVID-19 fight in Wuhan and 134 medical staff (non-first-line group) who did not participate in the fight were selected. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was employed to collect data on the incidence of sleep disorders, time to fall asleep, duration of sleep, sleep efficiency, sleep disorders, use of sleep aid, and daytime functions. In addition, a self-made questionnaire was used to investigate the common concerns and time allocation characteristics of the first-line medical workers in the context of major infectious disease outbreaks. [Results] There were no significant differences between the two groups in demographic variables such as gender, age, job title, educational background, marriage status, number of children, and working years (P > 0.05). In the first-line group, 62 medical workers (55.36%) reported sleep disorders, while in the non-first-line group, 54 medical workers (40.30%) did;the difference was statistically significant (P=0.008). Among the seven components of the PSQI, the median sleep time (component 3) score of the first-line group was 1.5, which was higher than that of the non-first-line group (median 1.0) (P < 0.001);the median sleep efficiency (component 4) score of the first-line group was 1.0, which was higher than that of the non-first-line group (median 0) (P < 0.001). The actual sleep duration of the first-line group [(5.65+/-1.15) h] was lower than that of the non-first-line group [(7.00+/-1.40) h] (P < 0.001). The distributions of common concerns were different between the two group. The top three concerns were being infected (76.79%), exhausted (37.50%), and overloaded (27.68%) in the first-line group, and family members being infected (53.73%), being infected (45.52%), and child care (33.58%) in the non-first-line group. [Conclusion] The first-line medical team members report poor sleep quality, short sleep time, low sleep efficiency, sleep disorders, and many psychological concerns. It is necessary to take appropriate measures to improve their sleep quality.Copyright © 2021, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention. All rights reserved.
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Starting from the year 2019, a newly developed respiratory diseases, SARS-CoV-2, have spread out globally. In order to control and eliminate this pandemic, vaccines have been widely investigated and taken by humans all over the world. This paper's work aims to formulate a linear regression model to test the pattern formed between vaccination number and death toll caused by newly developed viruses SARS-CoV-2. K-fold cross-validation method was used to justify the linear regression result with other support of different plots (residual and QQ plot). The result of this research seems contradict with prediction. The R-squared value from linear regression is not strong enough to support the prediction with super large MAE value from cross-validation. Residual plot is not evenly spreading and points on QQ-plot are not aligned with the trend line. All these results mean there are no evident linear regression relations between the independent variables and dependent variables, but a positive relation is discovered in a short period of time. More situations are needed to be considered under this circumstance. All the uncertainties mentioned above are factors that might influence the result and needed further investigation. The statistical research in this paper helps with the evaluation of vaccine efficacy so that safer and more effective vaccines can be selected to reduce mortality. © 2023 SPIE.
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Due to the impact of the COVID-19, online teaching has become a common teaching method at present, and in-depth research on online teaching methods is of great practical significance. In the computer network course, we organize the online teaching process according to the BOPPPS model combined with online teaching tools such as DingTalk and Rain Classroom. We use Rain Classroom to seize the pre-class preview and use DingTalk to achieve participatory online interactive teaching and complete homework correction and online Q&A. The results of the questionnaire show that the above-mentioned teaching organization method can enable students to actively participate in interactive teaching, and students' approval of online teaching is relatively high. © 2022 IEEE.
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Objective: Pneumonia is an infectious inflammation of the alveoli,distal airway,and interstitium caused by bacterial,viral,and other pathogens. Maxing Shigantang,originated from Treatise On Cold Damage Diseases,is a classic prescription for treating pneumonia,with significant clinical efficacy. However,its treatment mechanism is still elusive. Method(s): In that paper,the transcriptome-based multi-scale network pharmacology was used to reveal the overall pharmacological mechanism of Maxing Shigantang in treating pneumonia from six scales of tissue,cell,pathological process,biological process,signaling pathway, and target. Result(s):At the tissue level,Maxing Shigantang mainly acted on the focal tissue of pneumonia-lung and the main inflammatory immune tissues-blood and spleen. Analysis of cell,pathological process and biological process suggested that Maxing Shigantang could treat pneumonia by reversing inflammatory and immune functions and improving cardiopulmonary and vascular injury caused by pneumonia. Analysis of signaling pathway and target showed that Maxing Shigantang regulated inflammatory immune response pathways such as "coronavirus disease-COVID-19" and "Toll-like receptor signaling pathway",and related targets such as "MAPKAPK3" and "NRG1". Conclusion(s):This paper,from molecular to tissue levels,indicated Maxing Shigantang treated pneumonia mainly by regulating inflammatory immune response and improving cardiopulmonary and vascular injury.Copyright © 2023, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.
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Objective:To observe the efficacy and safety of Fuzheng Huayu tabletsFHTfor treating pulmonary inflammation in patients with coronavirus disease 2019COVID-19. Method(s):A total of 704 cases were lost to follow-up, and 66 cases were finally completedCOVID-19 patients were recruited from February 1 to April 15 in 2020. They were assigned to a control group35 patientsand a FHT group31 patients. The patients in the control group received routine treatment alone and those in the FHT group received FHT in addition to routine treatment. The primary outcome was the ratio of patients showing improvement in chest computed tomographic manifestations after 14 days. The secondary outcome measures included remission rate or progression rate of critical illness,clinical remission rate of respiratory symptoms,routine blood examination, C-reactive proteinCPRlevel,procalcitoninPCTlevel,and blood oxygen saturationSPO2 . The safety was assessed based on liver and kidney functions and adverse events. Result(s): After the 14-day treatment,the ratio of patients showing improvement in the FHT group100%was higher than that in the control group 77.1%chi2 =8.063,P<0.01. The ratio of disease stages after treatment showed no significant difference between two groups. In the FHT group,the symptoms including cough,dyspnea,and fatigue were alleviated after treatmentP<0.01. In the control group,the symptoms including fever,cough,and dyspnea were alleviatedP<0.01,while the fatigue was not relieved after treatment. No significant difference was observed in the clinical symptoms between the two groups after treatment. After treatment,the FHT group showed decreased white blood cellWBCcount and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratioNLRP<0.01,elevated plateletPLTlevelP<0.05,lowered CRP levelP<0.05,and no significant difference in lymphocyte LYM,hemoglobinHb,SPO2 or PCT level. The control group showed decreased NLRP<0.05and WBC countP<0.01,elevated PCT levelP<0.05,and no significant change in LYM,Hb,PLT,SPO2 or CRP level after treatment. Furthermore,the FHT group had higher PLT level than the control groupP<0.05after treatment,and other indicators had no significant differences between the two groups. The liver and kidney functions had no significant difference between the two groups after treatment. Conclusion(s): FHT can safely promote the absorption of acute pulmonary inflammation in COVID-19 patients.Copyright © 2022, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.
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Accurately assessing and tracking the progression of liver-specific injury remains a major challenge in the field of biomarker research. Here, we took a retrospective validation approach built on the mutuality between serum and tissue biomarkers to characterize the liver-specific damage of bile duct cells caused by a-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT). We found that carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), as an intrahepatic marker, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-IV), as an extrahepatic marker, can reflect the different pathophysiolo-gies of liver injury. Levels of CES1 and DPP-IV can be used to identify liver damage itself and the inflam-matory state, respectively. While the levels of the conventional serological biomarkers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were all con-comitantly elevated in serum and tissues after ANIT-induced injury, the levels of bile acids decreased in bile, increased in serum, and ascended in intrahepatic tissue. Although the level of c-glutamyl transpeptidase (c-GT) changed in an opposite direction, the duration was much shorter than that of CES1 and was quickly restored to normal levels. Therefore, among the abovementioned biomarkers, only CES1 made it possible to specifically determine whether the liver cells were destroyed or damaged with-out interference from inflammation. CES1 also enabled accurate assessment of the anti-cholestasis effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA;single component) and Qing Fei Pai Du Decoction (QFPDD;multi-component). We found that both QFPDD and UDCA attenuated ANIT-induced liver damage. UDCA was more potent in promoting bile excretion but showed relatively weaker anti-injury and anti-inflammatory effects than QFPDD, whereas QFPDD was more effective in blocking liver inflammation and repairing liver damage. Our data highlights the potential of the combined use of CES1 (as an intra-hepatic marker of liver damage) and DPP-IV (as an extrahepatic marker of inflammation) for the accurate evaluation and tracking of liver-specific injury-an application that allows for the differentiation of liver damage and inflammatory liver injury.(c) 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier LTD on behalf of Chinese Academy of Engineering and Higher Education Press Limited Company. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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Effective drug delivery to the brain is critical for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), an aggressive and invasive primary brain tumor that has a dismal prognosis. Radiation therapy, the mainstay of brain tumor treatment, works by inducing DNA damage. Therefore, inhibiting DNA damage response (DDR) pathways can sensitize tumor cells to radiation and enhance cytotoxicity. AZD1390 is an inhibitor of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase, a critical regulator of DDR. Our in vivo studies in the mouse indicate that delivery of AZD1390 to the central nervous system (CNS) is restricted due to active efflux by P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The free fraction of AZD1390 in brain and spinal cord were found to be low, thereby reducing the partitioning of free drug to these organs. Coadministration of an efflux inhibitor significantly increased CNS exposure of AZD1390. No differences were observed in distribution of AZD1390 within different anatomic regions of CNS, and the functional activity of P-gp and breast cancer resistance protein also remained the same across brain regions. In an intracranial GBM patient-derived xenograft model, AZD1390 accumulation was higher in the tumor core and rim compared with surrounding brain. Despite this heterogenous delivery within tumor-bearing brain, AZD1390 concentrations in normal brain, tumor rim, and tumor core were above in vitro effective radiosensitizing concentrations. These results indicate that despite being a substrate of efflux in the mouse brain, sufficient AZD1390 exposure is anticipated even in regions of normal brain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Given the invasive nature of glioblastoma (GBM), tumor cells are often protected by an intact blood-brain barrier, requiring the development of brain-penetrant molecules for effective treatment. We show that efflux mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) limits central nervous system (CNS) distribution of AZD1390 and that there are no distributional differences within anatomical regions of CNS. Despite efflux by P-gp, concentrations effective for potent radiosensitization are achieved in GBM tumor-bearing mouse brains, indicating that AZD1390 is an attractive molecule for clinical development of brain tumors.Copyright © 2022 American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy. All rights reserved.
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The COVID-19 outbreak has drastically altered the behavior of tourists, posing a significant challenge to countries that heavily rely on the tourism industry to develop sustainable policies. This study utilizes structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques to analyze the effects of four variable groups on travel decisions during the pandemic. These groups include tourism potential, tourism logistics efficiency, the impact of COVID-19 on tourism potential, and the impact of COVID-19 on logistics efficiency. We collected data from a sample group of 943 foreign tourists visiting Thailand through online and on-site questionnaires. Our findings reveal that accommodation and information flow were the most significant factors affecting travel decisions during the pandemic, while the mode of transport had minimal impact. Based on our results, we recommend that post-COVID-19 tourism policies focus on improving accommodation quality and hygiene standards and building networks that offer comprehensive and up-to-date information about the pandemic. Our proposed approach is more efficient and cost-effective than mobilizing resources across all tourism industry sectors. It promotes sustainable tourism recovery planning while minimizing adverse effects on the community. These results are particularly relevant to stakeholders and policymakers who have been heavily affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and need to develop effective tourism policies. © 2023 by the authors.
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As COVID-19 and other infectious diseases continue to spread globally, removing airborne pathogens from confined spaces such as buildings, transportation carriers, and stations is becoming increasingly crucial to curbing transmission and reducing human infection rates. Bioaerosols can act as vectors or media that could store and transport air pollutants and pathogens. To mitigate the adverse effects of bioaerosols and effectively control epidemics, this work reviews the current state-of-the-art air purification processes and technologies available on the market or demonstrated in laboratory and industrial settings, including ozone oxidation, UV disinfection, and photocatalysis. These reactive air purification processes can be used in conjunction with adsorption or filtration-based systems to enhance disinfection besides the physical capture of particulates or the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This review aims to provide a concise yet comprehensive overview of various reactive air purification technologies. Their principles, applications, and limitations are briefly discussed to provide insight and guidelines for further development of new air purification processes to address emerging airborne contaminant issues. © 2023 American Chemical Society.
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Benifits outweigh the risks for patients with autoimmune disease (AID) in remission period to be vaccinated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. The mRNA vaccines, inactivated vaccines, and recombinant protein subunit vaccines are safe for AID patients, whereas the safety of recombinant adenovirus vector-based vaccines is still uncertain. Some drugs for the treatment of AID may reduce the immune response of the body to the COVID-19 vaccines and affect the immune efficacy of the vaccine, which may be related to the timing of vaccination. Based on several published relevant guidelines and recommendations for the COVID-19 vaccines in AID patients, this article elaborates on vaccination problems to be paid attention to in patients with AID treated with different drugs.Copyright © 2021 by the Chinese Medical Association.
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With the development of technology and medicine, the mortality rate of intensive care unit (ICU) has declined significantly, and more and more professionals in the medical field are also aware that the disability rate of ICU survivors remains high. More than 70% of ICU survivors have Post-ICU Syndrome (PICS), which is mainly manifested by cognitive, physical, and mental dysfunction, which seriously affects the quality of life of survivors and their caregivers. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought a series of problems such as shortage of medical staff, restricted family visits, and lack of personalized care, which have brought unprecedented challenges to the prevention of PICS and the care of patients with severe COVID-19. In the future, the treatment of ICU patients should change from reducing short-term mortality to improving long-term quality of life of patients, from disease-centered to health-centered, and to practice " the health promotion, the prevention, the diagnosis, the control, the treatment, and the rehabilitation " six-in-one concept to promote comprehensive health care with pulmonary rehabilitation.
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This study investigates the impact of COVID-19 vaccinations on volatility (risk) spillovers among major Asia-Pacific stock markets. Utilizing both mean-based and quantile-based connectedness approaches, we examine the evolving patterns and network structure of risk spillovers not only on average but also in the extreme left and right tails. Risk spillovers are typically stronger under extreme shocks. A common regularity observed in the dynamics of standard (average) and extreme risk spillovers is that there are fewer risk spillovers after the launch of the COVID-19 vaccines. We also conduct a series of regression analyses to investigate the association between spillover levels and vaccination rates. The regression results support that an increase in vaccinations is associated with an decrease in standard risk spillovers. Besides, it is observed that vaccinations have an asymmetric impact on the extreme downside-tail and upside-tail risk spillovers. Further, panic sentiment is identified as a potential channel through which vaccinations affect spillovers. Our findings point to the role of COVID-19 vaccinations in stabilizing the Asia-Pacific stock markets by reducing risk spillovers. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
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Objective： Pneumonia is an infectious inflammation of the alveoli，distal airway，and interstitium caused by bacterial，viral，and other pathogens. Maxing Shigantang，originated from Treatise On Cold Damage Diseases，is a classic prescription for treating pneumonia，with significant clinical efficacy. However，its treatment mechanism is still elusive. Method： In that paper，the transcriptome-based multi-scale network pharmacology was used to reveal the overall pharmacological mechanism of Maxing Shigantang in treating pneumonia from six scales of tissue，cell，pathological process，biological process，signaling pathway， and target. Result：At the tissue level，Maxing Shigantang mainly acted on the focal tissue of pneumonia-lung and the main inflammatory immune tissues-blood and spleen. Analysis of cell，pathological process and biological process suggested that Maxing Shigantang could treat pneumonia by reversing inflammatory and immune functions and improving cardiopulmonary and vascular injury caused by pneumonia. Analysis of signaling pathway and target showed that Maxing Shigantang regulated inflammatory immune response pathways such as "coronavirus disease-COVID-19" and "Toll-like receptor signaling pathway"，and related targets such as "MAPKAPK3" and "NRG1". Conclusion：This paper，from molecular to tissue levels，indicated Maxing Shigantang treated pneumonia mainly by regulating inflammatory immune response and improving cardiopulmonary and vascular injury. © 2023, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.